A targeted learning (TL) framework is developed to estimate the difference in the restricted mean survival time (RMST) for a clinical trial with time-to-event outcomes. The approach starts by defining the target estimand as the RMST difference between investigational and control treatments. Next, an efficient estimation method is introduced: a targeted minimum loss estimator (TMLE) utilizing pseudo-observations. Moreover, a version of the copy reference (CR) approach is developed to perform a sensitivity analysis for right-censoring. The proposed TL framework is demonstrated using a real data application.

The ICH E9(R1) guideline presents a framework for clinical trials to align planning, design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation (ICH, 2020). The three key steps in the framework are: estimand, estimator, and sensitivity analysis (Mallinckrodt et al., 2020). ICH E9(R1) highlights the importance of dealing with intercurrent events (ICEs), which are defined as: "Events occurring after treatment initiation that affect either the interpretation or the existence of the measurements associated with the clinical question of interest. It is necessary to address intercurrent events when describing the clinical question of interest in order to precisely define the treatment effect that is to be estimated." ICH E9(R1) proposes five strategies for dealing with ICEs in clinical trials with quantitative outcomes and categorical outcomes: treatment policy strategy, hypothetical strategy, composite variable strategy, while-on-treatment strategy, and principal stratum strategy.

Sm all animals and robots must often rapidly traverse large bump - like obstacles when moving through complex 3 - D terrains, during which, in addition to leg - ground contact, their body inevitably come s into physical contact with the obstacl es. However, we know little about the performance limits of large bump traversal and how body - terrain interaction affects traversal . To address these, we challenged the discoid cockroach and a n open - loop six - legged robot to dynamically run into a large bump of varying height t o discover the maximal traversal performance, and studied how locomotor modes and traversal performance are affected by body - terrain interaction . Remarkably, d uring rapid running, both t he animal and the robot were cap able of dynamically traversing a bump much higher than its hip height ( up to 4 times the hip height for the animal and 3 times for the robot, respectively) at traversal speeds typical of running, with decreasing traversal probability with increasing bump height. A stability analysis using a novel locomotion energy landscape model explained why traversal was more likely when the animal or robot approach ed the bump with a low initial body yaw and a high initial body pitch, and why deflection was more likely otherwise . Inspired by these principl es, we demonstrated a novel control strategy of active body pitch ing that increase d the robot's maximal traversable bump height by 75%. Our study is a major step in Bioinspiration & Biomimetics (2018), 13, 02600 5; htt ps://li.me.jhu.edu 2 establishing the framework of locomotion energy landscapes to understand locomotion in complex 3 - D terrains .

Johnathan Fair, 19, allegedly beat his girlfriend's 4-year-old daughter to death in December after she spilled juice on an Xbox video game console. Prosecutors in Illinois plan to seek a life sentence for a man who allegedly killed his girlfriend's daughter after she spilled juice on an Xbox video game console. Johnathan Fair, 19, of Waukegan, roughly 40 miles northwest of Chicago, was babysitting 4-year-old Skylar Mendez on Dec. 13 when the incident occurred, the Lake County News-Sun reported, citing the State Attorney's Office. Fair took the child to a hospital and claimed she fell and hit her head, prosecutors said. He later reportedly admitted that he shook Mendez "really hard" and beat her because she spilled juice on the console.

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Shortly after the turn of the 20th century, a pioneering photographer who had created his own panoramic lens put together what could be described as the world's first drone. With this innovative creation he captured incredible images of American cities from thousands of feet in the air. George R. Lawrence used a system of kites outfitted with a 49-pound camera to show a bird's-eye view of San Francisco, Chicago and New York City - among other cities and towns - in a way that they had never been seen before. He called his invention the Lawrence Captive Airship. However, during Lawrence's first attempt at aerial photography his balloon snapped free from the platform carrying him.

Motorola is adding machine learning to its surveillance equipment used by law enforcement personnel. Cops in Chicago's Waukegan police department are already suiting up with the company's Si500 body cams. But those same cameras could soon pack AI that could help officers identify missing people and objects. A prototype device is in the works with Neurala, a deep learning startup that recently integrated its software with drones to track poachers in Africa. In the near future, the camera will be able to recognize images and communicate that data with other Si500s.

NEW YORK, June 6 Ray Bradbury, a giant of American literature who helped popularize science fiction with poetic, cerebral works such as "The Martian Chronicles," died on Tuesday in Los Angeles. Bradbury brought not only futuristic vision but literary sensibilities to his more than 500 works published including "Fahrenheit 451," a classic dystopian novel about book censorship in a future society, and other favorites such as "The Illustrated Man" and "Something Wicked This Way Comes." Bradbury died peacefully, last night, in Los Angeles, after a long illness," said a spokesman for his publisher, HarperCollins, on Wednesday. As a science fiction writer, Bradbury said he did not want to predict the future -- but sometimes wanted to prevent it. Such was the case with "Fahrenheit 451," a book published in 1953 about a totalitarian, anti-intellectual society where banned books are burned by "firemen." The title refers to the temperature at which paper ignites. The novel, which Bradbury wrote on a rented typewriter at the UCLA library, featured a world that might sound familiar to 21st century readers -- wall-sized interactive televisions, earpiece communication systems, omnipresent advertising and political correctness. "In science fiction, we dream," he told The New York Times. "In order to colonize in space, to rebuild our cities ... to tackle any number of problems, we must imagine the future, including the new technologies that are required ... "Science fiction is also a great way to pretend you are writing about the future when in reality you are attacking the recent past and the present."

The Aviation Safety Reporting System collects voluntarily submitted reports on aviation safety incidents to facilitate research work aiming to reduce such incidents. To effectively reduce these incidents, it is vital to accurately identify why these incidents occurred. More precisely, given a set of possible causes, or shaping factors, this task of cause identification involves identifying all and only those shaping factors that are responsible for the incidents described in a report. We investigate two approaches to cause identification. Both approaches exploit information provided by a semantic lexicon, which is automatically constructed via Thelen and Riloff's Basilisk framework augmented with our linguistic and algorithmic modifications. The first approach labels a report using a simple heuristic, which looks for the words and phrases acquired during the semantic lexicon learning process in the report. The second approach recasts cause identification as a text classification problem, employing supervised and transductive text classification algorithms to learn models from incident reports labeled with shaping factors and using the models to label unseen reports. Our experiments show that both the heuristic-based approach and the learning-based approach (when given sufficient training data) outperform the baseline system significantly.